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Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily is a rapidly growing family of cytokines that interacts with a corresponding superfamily of receptors. Ligand-receptor interactions of this superfamily are involved in numerous biological processes ranging from hematopoiesis to pleiotropic cellular responses, including activation, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. The particular response depends on the receptor the cell type, and the concurrent signals received by the cell. Worldwide interest in the TNF field surged dramatically early in 1984 with the cloning and defining of the profound cellular effects of the first member of this family, TNFa. Subsequently, the major influence of TNFa on the development and functioning of the immune system was established. Today, over 20 human TNF ligands and their more than 30 corresponding receptors have been identified. Few receptors still remain orphans. What has emerged over the years is that most TNF ligands bind to one distinct receptor and some of the TNF ligands are able to bind to multiple TNF receptors, explaining to some extent the apparent disparity in the number of TNF receptors and ligands. Yet, in spite of some redundancy in TNF ligand/receptor interactions, it is clear that in vivo spatial, temporal, and indeed cell- and tissue-specific expression of both ligands and their receptors are important factors in determining the precise nature of cellular physiological and pathological processes they control. Therapeutic Targets of the TNF Superfamily presents the state-of-the art account on the role of TNF superfamily members in the pathogenesis and their use in current intervention of cancers and autoimmune disease. This text will be highly valuable for investigators to understand the disease processes regulated by TNF superfamily members and to develop effective therapeutics. A view into the future, inspired by the comprehensive work presented in this volume, predicts that researchers studying TNF superfamily members will continue to make rapid progress in identifying relevant components to the disease process and new therapeutic strategies to target many human diseases including cancers, autoimmune disease and others.

Human biochemistry --- medische biochemie --- biochemie

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Epigenetic modifications act on DNA and its packaging proteins, the histones, to regulate genome function. Manifest as the heritable methylation of DNA and as post-translational histone modifications, these molecular flags influence the architecture and integrity of the chromosome, the accessibility of DNA to gene regulatory components and the ability of chromatin to interact within nuclear complexes. While a multicellular individual has only one genome, it has multiple epigenomes reflecting the diversity of cell types and their properties at different times of life; in health and in disease. Relationships are emerging between the underlying DNA sequence and dynamic epigenetic states and their consequences,such as the role of RNA interference and non-coding RNA. These integrated approaches go hand-in-hand with studies describing the genomic locations of epigenetic modifications in different cell types at different times. The excitement and curiosity surrounding epigenomics is driven by a growing community of researchers in a burgeoning field and the development of new technologies built on the backbone of genome sequencing projects. Research has shown that the adaptability and vulnerability of epigenetic states has profound effects on natural variation, the response of the genome to its environment and on health and disease. The aim of this volume is not to describe epigenomes, but rather to explore how understanding epigenomes tells us more about how biological systems work and the challenges and approaches taken to accomplish this. These contributions have attempted to integrate epigenomics into our understanding of genomes in wider context, and to communicate some of the wonders of epigenetics illustrated through examples across the biological spectrum.

Human biochemistry --- medische biochemie --- biochemie

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This volume presents the proceedings of the13th International Conference on Biomedical Engineering (ICBME2008), help from the 3rd to 6th December 2008 in Singapore. The presented papers reflect the broad scope of the conference including topics like: Artificial Organs, Bioengineering Education, Bioinformatics & Digital Medicine, Biomaterials, Biomechanics, Biomedical Imaging, Biomedical Instrumentation, Biosensors, BioMEMs & Lab-on-Chip, Biosignal Processing, Cardiovascular Bioengineering, Cell & Biomolecular Mechanics, Cellular & Biomolecular Engineering, Clinical Engineering, Computational Bioengineering, Computer-Integrated & Computer-Assisted Surgery, Controlled Drug Delivery, Mechanobiology, Medical Robotics, Micro Nano Biomedical devices & systems, Nanobiotechnology, Neural Systems Engineering, Orthopaedics, Prosthetics & Orthotics, Rehabilitation Engineering & Assistive Technology, Pharmaceutical Sciences & Engineering, Physiological System Modeling, Regenerative Medicine & Tissue Engineering, Telemedicine & Healthcare.

Human biochemistry --- medische biochemie --- biochemie

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Human biochemistry --- medische biochemie --- biochemie

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Human biochemistry --- medische biochemie --- biochemie